A exhaust system consisting of a close-coupled Pd technology 32 in3 lightoff converter and Pt/Rh technology 170 in3 underfloor converter was vehicle-aged for 56000 miles on a vehicle equipped with a 3.8 l engine. Following this aging, the converters were taken off the vehicle and cut into 1″ thick sections along their axis and characterized for lightoff and warmed-up activity using a laboratory reactor to simulate vehicle exhaust. Each section was also analyzed for the quantity of oil additive poisons (phosphorus and zinc) deposited. Following this initial characterization, the phosphorus and zinc deposits were removed, and the sections were characterized again for lightoff and warmed-up activity. This procedure was used to qualitatively determine the relative contribution of oil additive poisoning and thermal sintering to the total activity deterioration as a function of axial position in the catalyst monoliths.
Analysis of the lightoff converter as taken from the vehicle showed a dramatic axial gradient in the lean and stoichiometric lightoff and warmed-up (600°C) performance for HC, CO and NOx, with most of the deterioration having taken place in the forward-most 1″ section of the converter, which was consistent with the gradient in the deposition of phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) in this converter. Comparison of these data sets with those obtained after removal of the P and Zn poisons indicates that most of the total deterioration of lean HC and CO activity can be attributed to P and Zn poisoning of the forwardmost 1″ section. When tested under stoichiometric conditions, most of the deterioration of HC activity is attributable to P and Zn poisoning, while most of the deterioration of CO and NOx activity is attributable to thermal deterioration. A similar activity and poison deposition gradient was detected in the underfloor converter, but to a smaller extent. 相似文献
Electron field emission characteristics of individual multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were investigated in situ inside the transmission electron microscope (TEM). For a single MWCNT it was found that while field-emission can hardly occur from the side of the nanotube, a curved nanotube may result in finite side emission and the best emission geometry is the top emission geometry. Current-voltage (I-V) measurements made at different vacuum conditions and voltage sweeps emphasize the importance of the adsorbates on the electron field emission of MWCNTs. For a contaminated MWCNT, although the field emission current was reduced, the stability of its emission was improved. A current of up to several tens of μA was observed for a single MWCNT, but it was found that long time emission usually results in drastic structure damage that may lead to sudden emission failure. 相似文献
利用MTS815 Flex Test GT岩石力学试验系统和PCI–2声发射(AE)三维定位实时监测系统,开展不同围压下盐岩的三轴压缩声发射定位试验,探讨盐岩轴向加载过程中声发射特征的围压效应。研究结果表明:盐岩AE定位点多少与振铃计数率大小、能率高低具有良好的一致性。声发射高计数、高能率、定位点集聚段等随围压增加而滞后。低围压下,盐岩发生剪切破坏,高计数、高能率、AE定位点集聚段主要出现在屈服阶段和峰值应力前阶段;高围压下,盐岩呈塑性大变形特征,高计数、高能率、AE定位点集聚段主要在峰值阶段及峰后阶段出现。围压增加,累计计数和定位点的总量呈减少趋势;最大能率和累计能量随围压增加而减小,5MPa约分别为30MPa的43倍和22倍。 相似文献
Results of performance, emission and tribological evaluations of palm oil methyl ester and its blends with conventional diesel
in an automobile diesel engine test bed are presented. Polymerization and carbon deposits on the fuel injector were monitored.
CO, CO2, O2, combustion efficiency and temperature of exhaust gases were also measured. Palm oil methyl ester and its blends have great
potential as alternative diesel fuel. Performance and exhaust gas emission for palm oil methyl ester and its blends with conventional
diesel are comparable with those of conventional diesel fuel. Palm oil methyl ester does not pose a severe environmental problem
and will not deteriorate engine and bearing components. 相似文献
An ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, is used as reaction medium for the synthesis and crystallization of a coordination polymer, (BMIM)2[Cd3(BDC)3Br 2] (1) (BMIM = 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate), which forms an anionic two-dimensional framework with the imidazolium cations located between the layers. This compound is thermally stable up to ca. 340 °C and exhibits blue emission in solid state at room temperature. Other characterizations by IR and UV–visible spectra are also described. 相似文献
Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) has been gaining increasing interest as an economical and versatile processing technique for the production of novel coatings or films of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on conductive substrates. The purpose of the paper is to present an up-to-date comprehensive overview of current research progress in the field of EPD of CNTs. The paper specifically reviews the preparation and characterisation of stable CNT suspensions, and the mechanism of the EPD process; it includes discussion of pure CNT coatings and CNT/nanoparticle composite films. A complete discussion of the EPD parameters is presented, including electrode materials, deposition time, electrode separation, deposition voltage and resultant electric field. The paper highlights potential applications of the resulting CNT and CNT/composite structures, in areas such as field emission devices, fuel cells, and supercapacitors. 相似文献
This paper explores the use of acoustic emission (AE) and X-ray tomography to identify the mechanisms of damage and the fracture process during compressive loading on concrete specimens. Three-dimensional (3D) X-ray tomography image analysis was used to observe defects of virgin mortar specimen under different compressive loads. Cumulative AE events were used to evaluate damage process in real time according to the sand/cement ratio. This work shows that AE and X-ray tomography are complementary nondestructive methods to measure, characterise and locate damage sites in mortar. The effect of the sand proportion on damage and fracture behaviour is studied, in relation with the microstructure of the material. 相似文献
Using the well-known Arrow and Karlin (1958)Arrow, K.J., and Karlin, S. (1958), ‘Production over Time with Increasing Marginal Costs’, in Studies in the Mathematical Theory of Inventory and Production, eds. K.J. Arrow and S. Karlin, Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 61–69.[Google Scholar] dynamic production–inventory model and the model with tradable emission permits which was presented by Dobos (2005Dobos, I. (2005), ‘The Effects of Emission Trading on Production and Inventories in the Arrow–Karlin Model’, International Journal of Production Economics, 93–94, 301–308.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar], 2007)Dobos I. (2007), ‘Tradable Emission Permits and Production-inventory Strategies of the Firm’, International Journal of Production Economics, 108, 329–333.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar], we develop a model of the production–inventory system with deteriorating items and tradable emission permits. The objective of this paper is to apply the optimal control theory to solve the production–inventory problem with deteriorating items and tradable emission permits, and derive the optimal inventory level and the optimal production rate that minimise the total cost. The results are discussed with a numerical example and a sensitivity analysis of the optimal solution with respect to the parameters of the production–inventory system is carried out. 相似文献